+— 294 sources
In addition the results of its expert testing, ConsumerLab uses only high-quality, evidence based, information sources. These sources include peer-reviewed studies and information from agencies such as the FDA and USDA, and the National Academy of Medicine. On evolving topics, studies from pre-print journals may be sourced. All of our content is reviewed by medical doctors and doctoral-level experts in pharmacology, toxicology, and chemistry. We continually update and medically review our information to keep our content trustworthy, accurate, and reliable. The following sources are referenced in this article:
- Mozaffarian, Ann Int Med 2013
- Rimm, Circulation 2018
- Kwak, Arch Intern Med 2012
- Manson, NEJM 2018
- Oikonomou, Clin Nutr 2019
- Djoussé, JAAC Heart Fail 2022
- Roncaglioni, N Engl J Med 2013
- Bowman, J Engl J Med 2018
- Hearon, JAAC: Heart Failure 2022
- Heydari, Circulation 2016
- Bernhard, Int J Cardiol 2024
- Skulas-Ray, Circulation 2019
- Kim, Clin Ther 2018
- Aung, JAMA 2018
- Abdelhamid, Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018
- ASCEND Study, NEJM 2018
- Jun, Diabetes Metab J 2019
- Lovaza
- Durrington, Heart 2001
- Us, Lipids Health Dis 2022
- Hande, Biomedicines 2022
- Nakao, J Atheroscler Thromb 2023
- Teramoto, Expert Opin Drug Saf 2022
- Hariri, Atherosclerosis 2023
- Alfaddagh, J Am Heart Ass 2017
- Abbott, Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020
- de Souza, J Diab Complications 2020
- Helland, Br J Nutr 2017
- Marchland, Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids 2023
- Di Giuseppe, Ann Rheum Dis 2013
- Senftleber, Nutrients 2017
- Dawczynskia, Clin Nutr 2017
- Kuszewski, Rheumatol Adv Pract 2020
- Alfaddagh, J Clin Lipidol 2018
- Stonehouse, Am J Clin Nutr 2022
- Hill, Nutrients 2023
- Yan, Immunity 2013
- Abhishek, Ann Rheum Dis 2016
- Zhang, American College of Rheumatology Annual Meeting 2015
- American College of Rheumatology 2012
- Roy, Food Nutr Sci 2013
- Hart 2009
- Scaioli, Clin Gastro Hep 2018
- Asbell, N Engl J Med 2018
- Ng, Optom Vis Sci 2021
- Sheppard, Cornea 2013
- HydroEye
- Epitropoulos, Cornea 2016
- Deinema, Ophthalmology 2017
- Bhargava, Contact Lens & Ant Eye 2015
- Christen, JAMA Ophthalmol 2022
- Lu, Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016
- Tobin, Nutrients 2018
- Šmíd, Hepatol Commun 2022
- Lee, Nutrients 2020
- Rinella, Hepatology 2023
- Lang, Ann Am Thorac Soc 2019
- Bischoff-Ferrari, Front Nutr 2022
- Song, JAMA Oncol 2019
- Song, Gut 2016
- Murff, Nutr Cancer 2021
- Patterson, J Nutr 2011
- Khankari, Cancer 2015
- Brasky, Canc Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010
- Szymanski, Am J Clin Nutr 2010
- Brasky, Nutr Cancer 2011
- Brasky, JNCI 2013
- Aucoin, Integr Canc Ther 2017
- Murphy, Cancer 2011
- Daenen, JAMA Oncology 2015
- SanGiovanni, Am J Clin Nutr 2009
- Christen, Arch Opthamol 2011
- Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2
- AREDS2 Res Grp, JAMA 2013
- Christen, JAMA Ophthalmol 2020
- Sala-Vila, JAMA Ophthalmol 2016
- Sammons, Ophthalmology 2023
- Rondanelli, J Am Col Nutr 2010
- Carney, JAMA 2009
- Martins, Molec Psy 2012
- Sarris, Am J Psychiatry 2016
- Bloch, Molec Psy 2012
- Rizzo, Nutr J 2012
- Peet, Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002
- Ginty, Psychiatry Res 2015
- Chhetry, J Psychiatr Res 2016
- Guu, Psychother Psychosom 2019
- Mischoulon, J Clin Psychiatry 2022
- Okereke, JAMA 2021
- Trebaticka, Child Adolesc Psych Ment Hlth 2017
- Gabbay, J Clin Psychiatry 2018
- Amminger, Biol Psychiatry 2023
- Lewis, J Clin Psychiatry 2011
- Su, JAMA Network Open 2018
- Kiecolt-Glaser, Brain Behav Immun 2011
- Carter, Am J Physiol 2013
- Bradbury, Front Pharmacol 2017
- Yokoi-Shimizu, Nutrients 2022
- Ramsden, BMJ 2021
- Pradalier, Cephalalgia 2001
- Soares, Nutr Neurosci, 2017
- Wang, Brain Behav Immun 2024
- Amminger, Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010
- Amminger, Nature Communications 2015
- Pawelczyk, J Psych Res 2016
- McGorry, JAMA Psychiatry 2016
- DeGiorgio, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2014
- Bos, Neuropsychopharm 2015
- Vesco, J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017
- Fristad, J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2015
- Banaschewski, Nutr Health 2018
- Chang, Translational Psych 2019
- Yang, Eur J Nutr 2020
- Johnson, J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2016
- Teisen, Am J Clin Nutr 2020
- Trop-Steinberg, Isr Med Assoc J 2023
- 7-question DHA-FFQ
- Cetin, Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2024
- Makrides, JAMA 2010
- Makrides, JAMA 2014
- Gould, JAMA 2017
- Azaryah, Nutrients 2020
- Palmer, BMJ 2012
- Oken, JAMA 2010
- Colombo, Am J Clin Nutr 2019
- Makrides, NEJM 2019
- Carlson, EClinicalMedicine 2021
- Bisgaard, NEJM 2016
- McGuire, Nutr J 2016
- Keim, JAMA Ped 2018
- Hadley, Nutrients 2016
- Sala-Vila, Nutrients 2022
- Quinn, JAMA 2010
- Shinto, J Alzheimers Dis 2014
- Fiala, FASEB J 2015
- Jerneren, J Alz Dis 2019
- Daiello, Alzheimer's & Dementia 2015
- Yurko-Mauro, Alzheimer's & Dementia 2010
- Malik, Am J Clin Nutr 2021
- Arellanes, EBioMedicine 2020
- Chew, JAMA 2015
- Andrieu, Lancet Neurol 2017
- Danthiir, Am J Clin Nutr 2018
- Zhang, J Alz Disease 2016
- Bo, Nutrients 2017
- Sinn, Br J Nutr 2011
- Mengelberg, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2022
- Vauzour, Am J Clin Nutr 2023
- Witte, Cereb Cortex 2013
- Kuszewski, Nutr, Met Cardio Dis 2020
- Lin, J Affect Disord 2024
- Leckie, Psychol Med 2019
- Maltais, Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022
- Narendran, PLoS One 2012
- Stonehouse, Am J Clin Nutr 2013
- van der Wurff Nutrients 2019
- van der Wurff, Nutrients 2016
- Dadova, Clin Interv Aging 2022
- Alkhedhairi, Clin Nutr 2022
- Da Boit, Am J Clin Nutr 2016
- Kunz, Nutrients 2022
- Smith, AJCN 2015
- Bischoff-Ferrari, Am J Clin Nutr 2022
- Gravina, Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2017
- McGlory, FASEB J 2019
- Georges, J Nutr Metab 2018
- Heileson, J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023
- Mickleborough, J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2015
- Zawadzki, Mar Drugs 2013
- Lau, Progress in Nutrition 2004
- Emelyanov, Eur Respir J 2002
- Lello, Inter J of Asthma, Allergy and Immunol 2012
- Jung Acta Derm Venereol 2014
- Naqvi, J Dent Res 2014
- Stando-Retecka, BMC Oral Health 2023
- Rosenstein, Prosta Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2003
- Tong, Env Health Perp 2012
- Tong AJRCCM 2014
- Zaima, Biochem Biophys Rep 2016
- Hughes, Atherosclerosis 1990
- Giltay, Int J Androl 2012
- Kylie, Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020
- Jensen, JAMA Net Open 2020
- Purzand, Complement Ther Clin Pract 2020
- Dharam, J Am Coll Cardiol 2021
- Kosmopoulos, iScience 2021
- Hopkins, Clin Otolaryngol 2020
- Greiner, Physiol Behav 2001
- Gopinath, Br J Nutr 2015
- DiGiamcomo, Am J Med 1989
- Foley, FASB J 2016
- Torkildsen, Arch Neurol 2012
- Rundblad, Br J Nutr 2017
- Garcia-Hernandez, Int J Food Sci Nutr 2013
- The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety, 2011
- Hands, J Diet Suppl 2023
- Jackowski, J Nutr Sci 2015
- Mason, Biochem and Biophy Res Comm 2016
- Halvorsen, Food Nutr Res 2011
- Bannenberg, J Food Comp Analys 2020
- Phung, Foods 2020
- Castejon, N Biotechnol 2020
- Dyerberg, PLEFA 2010
- Minton, PLoS One 2023
- Chevalier, Eur J Clin Nutr 2020
- Chevalier, J Nutr 2021
- Cuenoud, Nutrients 2020
- Nordoy, Am J Clin Nutr 1991
- Hoshi, PNAS 2013
- Bernstein, J Nutr 2012
- Mori, Am J Clin Nutr 2000
- Maki, Nutr Res 2009
- Coral-Hinostroza, Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2004
- Capelli, Nutrafoods 2013
- Marine Stewardship Council
- NPR 2013
- WWF 2020
- Aursand, J Sci Agr 2006
- Foran, J Nutr 2005
- Mozaffarian, JAMA 2006
- Weaver, J Am Diet Assoc 2008
- Sprague, Sci Reports, 2016
- Lu, J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007
- Shaw, Environ Sci Technol 2006
- Nostbakken, Eviron Int 2015
- American Heart Association 2009
- Harris, Circulation 2009
- FDA 2018
- FDA, Nutrient Content Claims: Final Rule 2014
- Byelashov, Lipid Technol 2015
- Dyall, Front Aging Neurosci 2015
- Lai, BMJ 2018
- Miller, Eur J Nutr 2013
- GOED 2018
- Karl, J Verbr Lebensm 2008
- Ashely, Food Addit Contam 2010
- Bethune, National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research 2004
- Wu, Environ Sci Technol 2007
- Fenton, Environ Toxicol Chem 2021
- Onteeru, Environ Res 2022
- Sasagawa, Nutrients 2021
- Sung, Nutrients 2024
- Zhou, Anim Biotechnol 2020
- Larmo, Eur J Clin 2008
- Hu, Arch Intern Med 2012
- Manger, Am J Clin Nutr 2010
- Sheppard, Corna 2013
- Soares, Nutr Neurosci 2017
- DeGiorgio, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014
- Rodacki, Am J Clin Nutr 2012
- Koski, PT 2008
- Kastelein, J Clin Lipidol 2014
- Offman, Vasc Health Risk Manag 2013
- AstraZeneca, Epanova Prescribing Information
- Nelson, Ann Pharmacother 2013
- Amarin, Vascepa Prescribing Information
- Bhatt, NEJM 2018
- Bhatt, J Am Coll Cardiol 2019
- Budoff, Eur Heart J 2020
- Nicholls, JAMA 2020
- Doi, Eur Heart J 2021
- Nissen, JAMA Cardiol 2021
- Mozaffarian, JAMA Netw Open 2022
- Raatz, Lipids 2016
- Maki, Clin Therapeutics 2018
- Freeman, Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2007
- Cleland, Arthritis Res Ther 2006
- OSU website, 2013
- Zucker, Atherosclerosis 1998
- Bays, Am J Cardio 2007
- Cai, Expert Opin Drug Saf 2023
- Gross, J Trauma Nursing 2017
- Akintoye, Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2018
- Li, SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2020
- Albert, Am J Clin Nutr 2015
- LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury, 2012-2017
- Varela-Lopez, J Nutr Biochem 2018
- Hao, Cell Report 2023
- Hagino, Clin Cos Investig Derm 2021
- Mark, Allergy Asthma Proc 2008
- Kmet, Can Fam Phys 2012
- Woo, Clin Ther 2021
- de Lorgeril, Nutr Metab and Cardiovasc Dis 2005
- Zhang, Eur J Prev Cardiol 2022
- Gencer, Circulation 2021
- Bhatt, N Engl J Med 2018
- Lovaza Prescribing Information 2015
- Kalstad, Circulation 2020
- Lombardi, Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother 2021
- Tikkanen, Sci Rep 2023
- Vascepa Prescribing Information
- Robertsen, Transpl Int 2021
- Cortinovis, Transplantation 2010
- Miller, N Z Med J 1984